In 2024, 2.3 million women were diagnosed with breast cancer and 685,000 died from it worldwide. Breast cancer occurs when abnormal breast cells grow uncontrollably and form tumors. If these tumors are not detected and treated, they can spread to other parts of the body and become fatal.
Early detection is often possible when individuals pay attention to changes in their breasts—whether during routine self-checks or when pain or discomfort doesn’t resolve.
Visual Signs Matter—Not Just Lumps
While most people associate breast cancer with lumps, doctors emphasize that visual changes can be just as important, especially in the early stages. Some of these signs become more noticeable when you change your posture in front of a mirror. Looking only with your arms at your sides can hide changes. Raising your arms or placing your hands on your hips may reveal abnormalities you wouldn’t otherwise see.
This article reviews key warning signs and symptoms to track:
Nipple changes
Bloody nipple discharge
Skin dimpling or thickening
A sore or lesion on the breast that isn’t healing
Swollen lymph nodes in the armpit
Breast pain with no lump
1. Nipple Changes
A nipple that suddenly becomes inverted when it wasn’t before can indicate a problem. While some nipple variations are genetic and harmless, new inversion or retraction warrants medical evaluation.
2. Bloody Nipple Discharge
Any bloody discharge from the nipple should be taken seriously. While the amount may be minimal, blood on a bra or clothing is a red flag. Clear or milky discharge can be normal in certain hormonal stages, but discharge that is bloody, persistent, or unexplained should be assessed by a healthcare provider.
3. Breast Dimpling or Thickening
Skin that looks like the surface of an orange (known as peau d’orange) signals a potential problem. This symptom is often linked to inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), a rare but aggressive form that typically does not present with a lump and may evade detection on a mammogram. IBC occurs when cancer cells block lymphatic vessels in the skin.
Inflammatory breast cancer can involve:
Skin rash or redness
Thickening or hardening of the skin
Shooting or persistent pain
A warm sensation in one breast
One breast becoming visibly larger, heavier, or warmer than the other
Tenderness or persistent itching
Symptoms can appear rapidly—sometimes within six months—and may affect the breast, upper abdomen, or chest wall. Although IBC accounts for only 1%–5% of all breast cancers, it causes 10%–15% of breast cancer deaths.
Having one or more of these symptoms does not automatically mean cancer is present. Certain infections or benign conditions can produce similar signs, but ignoring them is risky.
4. A Breast Lesion That Doesn’t Heal
A red, flaky, scaly nipple or persistent skin change, especially with any fluid or blood, can indicate Paget’s disease of the breast. This is a rare cancer that starts in the nipple and is most commonly diagnosed in adults in their 70s and 80s. It is often not invasive initially, but early diagnosis is critical.
5. Swollen Lymph Nodes in the Armpit
In some cases, the first sign of breast cancer is not in the breast itself. Swelling, thickening, or a noticeable lump under the arm can signal that cancer cells have spread to the axillary lymph nodes. In more advanced cases, nodes near the collarbone or lower neck may also be affected. The lymphatic system is a common pathway for cancer to travel to other organs.
Not every lump is cancerous. That’s why familiarity with the normal look and feel of your breasts matters. The current recommendation is “breast self-awareness” rather than rigid monthly exams—consistency and attention to change are what matter.
6. Breast Pain Without a Lump
Breast pain, or mastalgia, is common and often unrelated to cancer. Possible causes include:
Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle
Fluid retention
Injury or trauma
Pregnancy or breastfeeding
Breast infection
Side effects of medication
Breast cancer
Pain may resolve on its own, particularly in premenopausal women, and breast pain without other findings rarely signals cancer. According to the American Academy of Family Physicians, the likelihood of breast cancer occurring in someone who has breast pain but a normal exam and mammogram is about 0.5%.
IBC can cause pain, but it typically presents without a lump and still represents only 1%–5% of U.S. breast cancer cases, per the National Cancer Institute.
Pain on the left side of the chest is sometimes misattributed to the breast when it could be cardiac. Heart-related chest pain often occurs beneath the sternum, may feel sharp or burning, and should never be ignored if persistent.
Early detection is only possible when people take bodily changes seriously. Even if a symptom turns out to be benign, the cost of overlooking a warning sign can be fatal. Anyone who notices persistent, unusual, or evolving changes in their breast should consult a medical professional promptly.