When we think of gynecologic cancers, cervical cancer often comes to mind first. But there are several other types that can affect the female reproductive system—many of them far more dangerous due to their “silent” symptoms and lack of early detection methods.

Gynecologic cancers include five primary types: cervical, ovarian, uterine (endometrial), vaginal, and vulvar cancer. Each comes with its own symptoms, risks, and screening recommendations. Understanding these cancers can empower you to advocate for your health and catch problems early—when treatment is most effective.

What Are Gynecologic Cancers?

Gynecologic cancers originate in a woman's reproductive organs. Here's a quick overview:

• Cervical Cancer – Starts in the cervix (the lower part of the uterus)

• Ovarian Cancer – Begins in the ovaries and is often not detected until advanced stages

• Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer – Affects the lining of the uterus and is the most common gynecologic cancer in the U.S.

• Vaginal Cancer – Rare, typically found in older women

• Vulvar Cancer – Also rare, often affects women over 50

1. Cervical Cancer

✅ Cause: Primarily caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV).
✅ Symptoms: Irregular bleeding (especially after sex), pelvic pain, unusual vaginal discharge.
✅ Screening: Pap smear every 3–5 years (with or without HPV testing).
✅ Prevention: HPV vaccination, safe sex practices, regular screening.

2. Ovarian Cancer

✅ Cause: Unknown in most cases, but BRCA1/2 mutations, family history, and age increase risk.
✅ Symptoms: Often subtle—bloating, abdominal pain, feeling full quickly, frequent urination.
✅ Screening: No standard screening—pelvic exams and transvaginal ultrasounds may be used if you're high risk.
✅ Challenge: Symptoms are vague and easy to dismiss, leading to late diagnosis.

3. Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer

✅ Cause: Linked to excess estrogen, obesity, diabetes, and age (most common after menopause).
✅ Symptoms: Abnormal bleeding (especially postmenopausal), pelvic pain, watery discharge.
✅ Screening: No routine test, but any abnormal bleeding should be evaluated immediately.
✅ Prevention: Maintaining a healthy weight, managing diabetes, and recognizing symptoms early.

4. Vaginal Cancer

✅ Cause: HPV infection and age (most common over 60).
✅ Symptoms: Vaginal bleeding (not related to periods), discharge, pain during sex, lumps or masses.
✅ Screening: May be detected during pelvic exams or Pap smears.
✅ Prevention: HPV vaccination and routine pelvic exams.

5. Vulvar Cancer

✅ Cause: Often HPV-related or linked to chronic skin conditions like lichen sclerosus.
✅ Symptoms: Itching, burning, pain, sores, or lumps on the vulva.
✅ Screening: Visual inspection during pelvic exam; biopsy of suspicious areas.
✅ Prevention: HPV vaccination and awareness of skin changes.

What Increases the Risk of Gynecologic Cancers?

• Age (risk increases after 50)

• HPV infection (especially types 16 and 18)

• Smoking

• Family history of ovarian, breast, or uterine cancer

• Obesity and diabetes

• Use of estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy

• Not having children or having them late in life

• Certain inherited conditions (like Lynch syndrome)

How Can You Protect Yourself?

✅ Get the HPV vaccine – Recommended up to age 45, especially if not previously vaccinated.
✅ Attend regular screenings – Pap tests, pelvic exams, and genetic counseling if at high risk.
✅ Know your body – Report abnormal bleeding, bloating, or pelvic pain.
✅ Live a healthy lifestyle – Eat well, exercise, and avoid smoking.

Why Early Detection Is Difficult

Unlike cervical cancer, which has clear screening methods, most gynecologic cancers lack standardized early tests. That’s why listening to your body and speaking up when something feels off is so important.

When to Call Your Doctor

Call your healthcare provider if you notice:

• Unusual vaginal bleeding

• Persistent bloating or abdominal pain

• Changes in urination or bowel habits

• Unexplained weight loss

• Pelvic pressure or pain

• New lumps, sores, or irritation around the vulva

Take Charge of Your Gynecologic Health

Don’t wait until something feels wrong. Use this month to prioritize your pelvic health—get your screenings, ask questions, and stay informed.

Gynecologic cancers are more than just statistics. Early detection and awareness can save your life.